Ahmadi, R., & Rezaei, M. (2021). The impact of information and communication technology on students’ academic motivation. Curriculum Research Quarterly, 18(1), 75–92. [in persian]
Alé, J. & Arancibia, M. L. (2025). Emerging Technology‑Based Motivational Strategies: A Systematic Review with Meta‑Analysis. Education Sciences, 15(2), 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15020197
Bond, M., Bedenlier, S., Marín, V. I., & Händel, M. (2020). Emergency remote teaching in higher education: Mapping the first global online semester. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 17(1).
Chen, C. H., & Hsu, C. C. (2021). The impact of blended learning on student motivation and engagement in learning. Education and Information Technologies, 26, 6801–6819
Chen, C., Jamiat, N. & Mao, Y. (2023). The effects of gamified interactive e‑books on students’ learning achievement and motivation. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1236297
Dede, C. (2014). Digital teaching platforms: Customizing classroom learning for each student. Teachers College Press.
Greene, J. A., & Azevedo, R. (2021).Self‑regulated learning with computer‑based learning environments: A review of research. Educational Psychologist, 56(1), 1–21.
He, J., Wang, Q. & Lee, H. (2025). Enhancing online learning engagement: teacher support, psychological needs satisfaction and interaction. BMC Psychology, 13, 696.
Hennessy, S., Jordan, K., Wagner, D. A., & Angrist, N. (2020). Problem analysis and focus of EdTech hub’s work: Technology in education in low‑ and middle‑income countries. Cambridge, UK: EdTech Hub
Huang, W., Li, X., & Shang, J. (2023). Gamified Project‑Based Learning: A Systematic Review of the Research Landscape. Sustainability, 15(2), 940. doi:10.3390/su15020940
Huang, R., Spector, J. M., & Yang, J. (2023). Educational technology and student engagement in smart learning environments. Educational Technology Research and Development, 71, 145–162.
Kearney, M., Schuck, S., Burden, K., & Aubusson, P. (2021).Viewing mobile learning from a pedagogical perspective. Research in Learning Technology, 29, 1–17.
Khosravi, M., Hosseini, F., & Karimi, A. (2022). Examining the role of e‑learning in enhancing students’ interaction and participation. Educational Technology Journal, 15(2), 45–60. [in persian]
Kuh, G. D. (2015). Student engagement in the digital age. New Directions for Teaching and Learning.
Liang, Y., Chen, S., Abeysekera, R., O’Sullivan, H., & Bray, J. (2024). Examining the adoption of technology‑enhanced learning in universities and its effects on student performance, satisfaction, and motivation. Computers and Education Open, 7, 100223. doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100223
Li, L., Hew, K. F., & Du, J. (2024). Gamification enhances student intrinsic motivation, perceptions of autonomy and relatedness, but minimal impact on competency: a meta‑analysis and systematic review. Educational Technology Research and Development, 72, 765–796. doi:10.1007/s11423-023-10337-
Ibrahim, Z., Mufid, B., & Agam, A. A. (2025). Exploring the Impact of Technology‑Enhanced Learning on Student Engagement and Academic Performance in Indonesian Primary Schools. Journal of Education and Social Science, 2(1), 7–12. doi:10.70716/jess.v2i1.180
Mekheimer, M. (2025). Technological self‑efficacy, motivation, and contextual factors in advanced EFL e‑learning. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12, 677. (ازSelf‑Efficacy
Nadeem, M., Oroszlanyova, M., & Farag, W. (2023). Effect of Digital Game‑Based Learning on Student Engagement and Motivation. Computers, 12(9), 177. doi:10.3390/computers12090177
Nadeem, M., Oroszlanyova, M. & Farag, W. (2023). Effect of Digital Game‑Based Learning on Student Engagement and Motivation. Computers, 12(9), 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12090177
Technology Enhanced Learning in higher education: motivations, engagement and academic achievement. (2019). Computers & Education, 137, 104–113.
The impact of gamification on learning and instruction: A systematic review of empirical evidence. (2020). Educational Research Review, 30, 100326.
Exploring student engagement in technology‑based education in relation to gamification and other factors: A systematic literature review. (2024). Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 9(100870).
Gamification in digital environments and the development of teachers’ digital competence: a systematic review. (2025). Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12, 1834.
Gamification and motivation in online classrooms: Enhancing student engagement through digital learning tools. (2025). Eureka Journal of Education & Learning Technologies, 1(1), 19–24.
Martin, F., & Bolliger, D. U. (2018). Engagement matters: Student perceptions on the importance of engagement strategies in the online learning environment. Online Learning Journal, 22(1), 205–222.
Mohammadi, H., & Rezaei, M. (2021). The role of e‑learning in increasing students’ participation and interaction. Journal of School Learning Research. [in persian]
Nasiri, A., Kazemi, M., & Rahimi, S. (2019). The effect of e‑learning on students’ academic achievement motivation. ICT in Education Journal, 10(4), 55–70. [in persian]
Reeve, J. (2012). A self‑determination theory perspective on student engagement. Handbook of Research on Student Engagement.
Rose, D. H., & Dalton, B. (2019). Learning to read in the digital age. Mind, Brain, and Education, 13(2), 74–83.
Sadeghi, H., & Mohammadi, Z. (2020). The effect of technology‑based learning on students’ participation and interaction in the classroom. Educational Innovations Quarterly, 19(3), 121–138. [in persian]
Schindler, L. A., Burkholder, G. J., Morad, O. A., & Marsh, C. (2017). Computer‑based technology and student engagement: A critical review of the literature. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 14(25).
Shao, Y., Wu, J., Li, Y., et al. (2025). The impact of digital technology use on EFL students’ English academic performance: The mediating roles of emotional intelligence and learning engagement. BMC Psychology, 13, 638. doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02967-8
Smith, G. G., Ferguson, D., & Caris, M. (2021).Student engagement and technology in higher education: A review of the literature. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(3), 398–417.
Zarei, Z., & Mohammadi, A. (2019). The effect of information and communication technology on students’ academic motivation. Educational Technology Quarterly, 13(2), 89–104. [in persian]
Zhou, M., & Li, X. (2022). Technology‑enhanced learning and student engagement: Evidence from digital learning environments. Computers & Education, 182, 104463.
